Microcontrollers & Use in Embedded Technology

Its fun programming and working with microcontrollers. With microcontrollers you can create a piece of hardware which acts according to your wish (obviously with some limitations !). Examples are you can flash a LED, drive a 7 segment display, print text on a LCD, receive signals from a remote control, control electrical appliances of your room, build a robot that follows a line on the floor and avoids obstacles coming in between, frequency meter and infinitely many more..

BSNL JTO COACHING

Basically a Microcontroller is a mini computer with CPU, Memory, I/O lines etc. Microcontrollers are much better for smaller embedded systems than their ancestors i.e. microprocessors, if you are developing a system using microprocessor, then your hardware or circuit will be more complex whereas if you choose a microcontroller, your hardware becomes simple because all the necessary peripherals such as RAM, ROM, TIMERS, I/O ports etc are embedded in a microcontroller. Therefore it is also called a mini computer on a chip. Now we will start with interfacing various devices to microcontrollers (Assuming you have basic knowledge of 8051 architecture and assembly programming and also C). I have chosen 8051 microcontroller due to its simplicity in architecture and assembly language, and learning 8051 chip is much easier than other microcontrollers if you don’t have any prior knowledge on microcontrollers. For more detailed information of hardware architecture and assembly language of 8051 microcontroller you can refer hardware manual and instruction set from ATMEL’s homepage.

Most of the projects and tutorials published here are based on Atmel’s AT89S52 microcontroller, it is a 8- bit microcontroller with 8051 architecture, comes in a 40 pin DIP, contains all necessary peripherals required for a hobby project. Now for a microcontroller to be operational the minimum hardware you need is a crystal oscillator, power supply, power on reset etc. So I have come up with a very simple development board to carry on the projects and interfacing tutorials published here. (Note: This development board is not compulsory; you can also rig up the circuits in breadboard since most of the circuits are simple). You can construct the development board on a general purpose circuit board. (Soon I will be publishing PCB layout for this).

8051 Development Board.

We will start with interfacing microcontroller with LED’s, Displays, Motors, Relays etc.

· Interfacing LED(s)

· Interfacing 7 segment Display

· Interfacing multiple 7 segment displays

· Basics of PWM

· Interfacing Relays

· Interfacing 4×4 keyboard

· 8051 Serial port

· many more to come…

In order set up your simple home lab, you need

· keil or any other assembler/compiler.

· ISP programmer circuit

· ISP programmer software

· Target hardware (your development board or circuit).

8051 Development Board

I have designed a development board for practicing 8051 microcontrollers. The development board is simple one containing minimum hardware required for a 8051 chip to function. The 8051 chip used in this development board is 89S52. The AT89S52 comes in a 40 pin PDIP package. It consists 8kB in system programmable flash memory for code storage, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16 bit timer/counters, one full duplex serial port and many more. For further details you can refer the datasheet.

Figure below shows the circuit diagram of the development board. Click on the image to enlarge. I have connected pull up resistors for all the ports in the circuit diagram, but pull ups are compulsory only for port 0. You can neglect pull ups connected for other ports since they are connected to pull ups internally.

This circuit can be easily constructed in a general purpose circuit board. One can neglect the seven segment display and 8 LEDs if they wish to build it separately. I will be publishing the PCB files for this board soon. Keep visiting.

Some Images of my 8051 development board built on breadboard. This is my first version of my board so the 7 segment display is not present.

Image notes: 1] The marvel chip Atmel’s 89S52    2] ISP port for downloading programs    3] Pull up resistor network    4] connectors to connect I/O pins to any other circuits/interface boards    5] 11.0592 Mhz crystal    6] Power connector    7] 7805 voltage regulator    8] Power indication LED    9] 8 LEDs connected to Port 0

150 Watt amplifier circuit

150 Watt amplifier circuit

 

Description

This is the cheapest 150 Watt amplifier circuit you can get,I think.Based on two Darlington power transistors TIP 142 and TIP 147 ,this circuit can deliver a blasting 150 W Rms to a 4 Ohm speaker.Enough for you to get rocked?,then try out this.

TIP 147 and 142 are complementary Darlington pair transistors which can handle 5 A current and 100V ,famous for their ruggedness. Here two BC 558 transistorsQ5 and Q6 are wired as pre amplifier and TIP 142 ,TIP 147 together with TIP42  (Q1,Q2,Q3)  for driving the transistors.This circuit is designed so rugged that this can be assembled even on a common board or even by pin to pin soldering.The circuit can be powered from a +/-45V 5A  dual power supply.You must try this circuit.Its working great.

Circuit Diagram & Parts List .

Notes.

• Remember TIP 142 and 147 are Darlington pairs  .They are shown as conventional transistors in figure for ease.So don’t get confused.Even though each of them have 2 transistors ,2 resistors and 1 diode inside ,only three pins ,base emitter and collector are coming out.Rest are connected internally.So its quite OK to assume each of them as transistor for ease.
• Use a well regulated and filtered power supply.
• Connect a 10K POT in series with the input as volume control if you need.Not shown in circuit diagram.

TIP 142 & 147 Internal diagram and pin out.

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Remote toggle switch circuit

Remote toggle switch circuit

Remote toggle switch circuit

Description.

In application level this circuit is similar to that of the circuit given previously. The only difference is in the approach. This circuit is designed by using another method. Using this circuit you can toggle any electrical appliance between ON and OFF states by using your TV remote. The only requirement is that your TV remote should be operating in the 38 KHz.

 

The IC1 (TSOP 1738) is used to receive the infrared signals from the remote. When no IR signal from remote is falling on IC1, its output will be high. When the IR signal from the remote falls on the IC1, its output goes low. This triggers the IC2 which is wired as a monostable multivibrator.The output of the IC2 (pin6) goes high for a time of 1S (set by the values of R2 and C3.This triggers the flip flop (IC2) and its Q output (pin 15) goes high. This switches on the transistor, which activates the relay and the appliance connected via relay is switched ON. For the next press of remote the IC1 will be again triggered which in turn makes the IC2 to toggle its output to low state. The load will be switched OFF. This cycle continues for each press of the remote. The pin 6 and pin 4 of IC1 are shorted to avoid false triggering.The diode D1 can be used as a freewheeling  diode.

Circuit diagram with Parts list.

Notes.

• Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
• The circuit can be powered from  a 5V DC regulated power supply.
• The capacitors must be rated 15 V.
• The IC1&IC2 must be mounted on holders.
• The current capacity  of relay determines the load circuit can switch.Use a high amperage(`10A or above) relay for driving large loads like motor,heater etc.

 

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Remote controlled appliance switch circuit

Remote controlled appliance switch circuit

 

Description.

Here is a versatile remote controlled appliance switch that can ON or OFF any appliance connected to it using a TV remote.

 

IR remote sensor IC TSOP 1738 is used for recieving the signal. Normally when no signal is falling on IC3 the output of it will be high.This makes Q1 OFF.When a signal of 38 KHz from the TV remote falls on the IC3 its output goes low.This makes Q1 conduct and a negative pulse is obtained at pin 2 of IC 1  NE 555.Due to this IC1 wired as a monostable multivibrator produces a 4 Sec  long high signal at its out put.This high out put is the clock for IC 2 which is wired as a Flipflop and of , its two outputs pin 3 goes low and pin 2 goes high.The high output at pin 2 is amplified to drive the relay .For the next signal  the outputs of IC2 toggles state. Result, we get a relay toggling on each press on the remote.Any appliance connected to this circuit can be switched ON or OFF.

Circuit Diagram with Parts List .

Notes.

• Before wiring the circuit make sure that the carrier frequency  of the TV remote you have is 38 KHz.For that wire the sensor part only ,point your remote to the TSOP1738 and press any switch.If  out put of TSOP1738  goes  low them ok, your remote is of 38Khz type.Nothing to worry almost all TV remote are of this type.
• You can use any switch because for any switch the code only changes,the carrier frequency remains same.We need this carrier frequency only.
• Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
• The appliance can be connected through NO or NC  and contacts of the relay .

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Object Counter

Object Counter

Object Counter

Project Object Counter Block Diagram        The project presented here is based on world’s most powerful microco-ntroller based on intel’s mcs-51 family , generally known as intel-8051. We have used its derivative atmel-89c2051. Operation:  A pair of 38khz transmitter and a receive is used to count the objects. Call IndinEngineer’s To Book This Project  Counts pulses are out from the 38khd receiver which are coupled to an opto coupler.  At pin 2 out put of the optocoupler is connected to microcontroller pin 8 p3.4. Ic3 an optocoupler will receive incoming count pulse at pin3 and output from pin 5 is connected to p3.4 pinof the ic2 microcontroller, Two line by 16 character on each line (2×16) is used in nibble mode and maximun count can reach upto 65536 there after it will reset to 00000. SW1 is manual reset switch to make the counter to reset to zero.  Circuit is driven by 9v 500m.a.  transformer connected to PCON1 Diode D1-D4 forms bridge  circuit C1,c2 and c3 are filter capacitors and are part of power supply section.. Ic1 7805 is 5v regulator ic to give stablised supply to microcontroller. Ld1 is a  power indication led. R1 controls the current flowing thrugh led LD1 Crystal X1  along with C5 and C6  gives the necessary clock to microcontroller. Capacitor C4 and R2 gives the required reset pulse to microcontroller.   Construction: solder all the parts provided in the kit properly. First connect the jumper wires(links) before you solder the ic sockets. Donot solder integrated circuits directly on the circuit board , it may damage the ic since you my not be experianced soldering person. So solder the ic sockets first on the circuit board. Solder smaller components first like resistance and disk capacitors, assemble the complete kit one by one. Please make sure that there are no  short circuits left on to the circuit board. Connect the main supply wire with 230v ac pins at one end ,to the 9v transformer towards primary side to the other open end. . Primary side will have high resistance when checked with multimeter. Connect 2pin plug to the secondary side of the transformer(low resistance side)  plug the wire to main and check the ac voltage at the plug connected to the secondary of the transformer. It should be 9v ac. Now connect the plug   to the socket connected on to the circuit board. Power supply led ld1 will glow. Check the voltage at the output of the regulator. It should be perfactly 5v dc. Check the voltage at the power supply pins of all the sockets mounted on circuit board it should be 5v dc.

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MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS(89C51) ieee,EMBEDDED

1. WIRELESS MESSAGING VIA MOBILE/LANDLINE
2. GSM BASE HOME SECUIRTY SYSTEM
3. GSM BASED HOMEAUTOMATION & SECUIRTY
4. AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX
5. VOTING MACHINE
6. SMS BASE DEVICE SWITCH
7. SOLAR TARKER SYSTEM
8. TEXT DATA COMMUNICATION THROUGH FIBER/LAGER
9. DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK
10. SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE
11. SMS THROUGH TELEPHONE
12. SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
13. SMART CARD
14. DATA SECUIRTY SYSTEM
15. TOUCH SCREEN
16. HEART BEAT MONITOR
17. AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER:
18. RADAR SYSTEM ILIGAL AROPLAN DETECTOR
19. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING
20. MULI LAVEL CAR PARKING
21. FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
22. MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
23. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
24. MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM
25. MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
26. AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
27. MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
28. LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
29. CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
30. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
31. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
32. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER
33. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
34. ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
35. CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
36. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER
37. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.
38. MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY
39. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
40. MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
41. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR
42. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION
43. MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM
44. MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
45. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
46. Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
47. TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
48. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
49. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
50. MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
51. ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
52. INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
53. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
54. MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
55. MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
56. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
57. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
58. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
59. MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
60. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
61. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
62. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER

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