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1. FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
2. MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
3. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY 8085 MICROPROCESSOR(LATEST)
4. PC16F84- BASED CODED DEVICE SWITCHING SYSTEM
5. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
6. MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM(LATEST)
7. MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
8. AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
9. MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
10. LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
11. CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
12. PIC 18 F 84 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASE CODE DEVICE SWITCH SYSTEM
13. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM(LATEST)
14. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
15. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER(LATEST)
16. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
17. RS232 ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
18. ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
19. CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
20. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER(LATEST)
21. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.(LATEST)
22. MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY(LATEST)
23. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
24. MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
25. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR(LATEST)
26. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION(LATEST)
27. MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM(LATEST)
28. MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
29. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
30. Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
31. TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
32. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
33. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
34. MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING BY MCU
35. MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
36. ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
37. INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
38. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
39. MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
40. MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
41. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
42. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
43. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
44. MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
45. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
46. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
47. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
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Radio Collar Transmitter
Radio Collar Transmitter
Description
This is the circuit diagram of a radio transmitter suitable for fitting on radio collars.The circuit transmits a pulse in the FM between band 88MHz to 105Mhz , which can be adjusted.IC Ne 555 is wired as an astable multivibrator for producing the tone.L1 ,C3 and Q1 forms the modulator.Q2 performs the final power amplification.
Notes
For the inductor make 5 turns of .5 mm dia insulated copper wire on a standard ball pen refill.Remove the refill and make a tap at the center of coil.To vary transmission frequency experiment with number of turns.Carefull! what ever may be the no of turns the tap must be at center.Use a 50 Cm long insulated copper wire as antenna.
Parts List
R1…………………………………. 10K
R2 …………………………………1 M Ohm
R3 ………………………………….330 Ohm
R4 …………………………………..1 M Ohm
R5……………………………………. 330 Ohm
R6 ……………………………………200 Ohm POT
C1 ……………………………………..0.1 uF Ceramic
C2…………………………………….. 0.01 uF Ceramic
C3…………………………………….. 13 pF Ceramic
C4 ,C5, C6,C5 ……………………..0.01 uF Ceramic
Q1 ,Q2 ………………………………..2N4392 JFET
D1 ……………………………………….1N 914 Diode
IC 1……………………………………… NE 555
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4. LOW-COST ENERGY METER USING ADE 7757
5. HOME AUTOMATION AND SECURITY CONTROL INTERFACE WITH TELEPHONE
6. LINE TRACKING ROBOT/MOUSE
7. REMOT CONTROLLED STEPPER MOTOR
8. ULTRASONIC SWITCH
9. DEVICE SWITCHING USING PASSWORD
10. SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
11. ULTRASONIC PROXIMITY DETECTOR
12. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
13. VEHICLE SEED MEASUREMENT CONTROL PC BASED
14. SMART CARD FOR ENTRY EMPLOY
15. SECURITY ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
16. RADAR SYSTEM (LATEST FOR COMMUNICATION STUDENTS)
17. PRI-PAID ENERGY METER
18. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM (LATEST)
19. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER
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21. DESIGN OF A BUS STATUS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (LATEST )
22. CALLING NUMBER IDENTIFICATION USING CALCULATOR
23. OPTICAL REMOT SWITCH
24. LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE SWITCHING
25. DISITAL WEIGHT ACCUMULATOR
26. REMOT CONTROLLED LAND ROVER
27. TELEPHONE ANSIRING MATCHING
28. AUTO CAR PARKING(LATEST)
29. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
30. WATCHMAN ROBOT
31. SUN SEEKER
32. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
33. TOUCH SCREEN
34. DTMF REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM
35. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER (LATEST)
36. HOME SECURITY SYSTEM WITH SENDING MESSAGE ON OUR CELL PHONE
37. FASTED FINGER FIRST
38. MOBILE CONTROL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES(LATEST)
39. RF CONTROL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
40. MIND READER
41. DIGITAL COMBINATION LOCK
42. SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND
43. DIGITAL SPEEDOMETER
44. RADIO CONTROLLED REMOTE CONTROL
45. MICRO PROCESSOR-BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
46. 31/2 DIGIT VOLTMETER WITH LED
47. 31/2 DIGIT VOLTMETER WITH LCD
48. 31/2 DIGIT THERMOMETER
49. DTMF 5-CHANNEL SWITCHING VIA POWER LINE
50. DEVICE SWITCHING USING PASSWORD
51. LASER-BASED COMMUNICATION LINK (COMMUNICATION
52. VIOCE & DATA COMMUNICATION WITH FIBER LINK ( COMMUNICATION )
53. BUDGET DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
54. WIRELESS HOME SECURITY
55. BEND STOP FILTER
56. A VERSATILE FUNCTION GENERATOR
57. DIGITAL DOOR BELL
58. TRANSFORMER LESS 12V DUAL POWER SUPPLY
59. INFRARED BURGLAR ALARM WITH TIMER
60. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE STABILIZER USING AUTOTRANSFORMER
61. DIGITAL CODE LOCK
62. TELEPHONE CALL METER
63. EMERGENCY LIGHT USING CFL
64. WIDE RANG SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
65. 1 HZ CLOCK GENERATOR
66. REMOTE MUSICAL BELL
67. ELE. TELEPHONE DEMONSTRATOR
68. TELEPHONE CALL COUNTER
69. LED VOLTMETER FOR CAR BATTERY
70. QUALITY FM TRANSMITTER
71. DIGITAL VOLUME CONTROL
72. 99.99 SEC. STOP-CLOCK
73. MULTIPURPOSE DIGITAL COUNTER
74. VERSATILE ON/OFF TIMER
75. SUPER SIMPLE TRIANGULAR TO SINE WAVE GENERATOR
76. DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR
77. TEMPERATURE DISPLAY
78. FREQUENCY GENERATOR
79. SOUND LEVEL INDICATOR FOR STEREO SYSTEM
80. SINGLE-GATE SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
81. QUICK 741 AND 555 TESTER
82. REGULATE DUAL POWER SUPPLY
83. SENSITIVE FM TRANSMITTER
84. LIGHT CONTROLLED DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR
85. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY EPROM BASE
86. PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL TIME SWITCH
87. PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL TIMER CUM CLOCK
88. REMOTE CONTROL AUDIO PROCESSOR
89. HEART BEAT MONITOR
90. AEROPLANE DIRECTION INDICATOR
91. VOICE TRANSMITTER IN POWER LINE AND SWITCHING
92. A SINGLE-CHIP TIMER WITH DIGITAL CLOCK AND CALENDER
93. IMPEDANCE METER
94. REMOTE AUDIO LEVEL INDICATOR
95. MULTICHANNEL TOUCH SWITCH
96. SAW TOOTH WAVE GENERATOR
97. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN
98. 1 HZ MASTER OSCILLATOR
99. REMOTE TV TESTER
100. CORDLESS INTERCOM
101. REMOT CONTROLLERED LAND FOVER –A DIY ROBOTIC PROJECT
102. DIGITAL WEIGHT ACCUMULATOR
103. IR- TO- RF CONVERTER
104. FM RECEIVER USING CXA1619
105. HEAT SENSITIVE SWITCH
106. TRANSISTOR TESTER
107. AUTOMETIC SCHOOL BELL
108. DIGITAL STOP WATER
109. INFRARED INTERUPTION COUNTER
110. AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER: In this project we use object counter circuit with, auto light on when any body enter in the room and counter display any number, when all the person left the room and counter shows a 0 number on display then only light is off two rays of sensor is install in the door.
111. PROJECT ON WIRELESS DATA AND VOICE TRANSMISSION USING INFRARED PLUS HOME AUTOMATION (LATEST)
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MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS(89C51) ieee,EMBEDDED
- WIRELESS MESSAGING VIA MOBILE/LANDLINE
- GSM BASE HOME SECUIRTY SYSTEM
- GSM BASED HOMEAUTOMATION & SECUIRTY
- AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX
- VOTING MACHINE
- SMS BASE DEVICE SWITCH
- SOLAR TARKER SYSTEM
- TEXT DATA COMMUNICATION THROUGH FIBER/LAGER
- DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK
- SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE
- SMS THROUGH TELEPHONE
- SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
- SMART CARD
- DATA SECUIRTY SYSTEM
- TOUCH SCREEN
- HEART BEAT MONITOR
- AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER:
- RADAR SYSTEM ILIGAL AROPLAN DETECTOR
- PRI-PAID CAR PARKING
- MULI LAVEL CAR PARKING
- FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
- MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
- STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
- MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM
- MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
- AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
- MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
- LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
- CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
- MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
- STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
- ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
- CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.
- MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
- MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR
- MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION
- MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM
- MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
- MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
- Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
- TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
- ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
- PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
- MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
- ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
- INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
- ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
- MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
- MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
- PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
- AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
- PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
- MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
- AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
- AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
- AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
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3. COMPUTERISED ELECTRICAL APLAINCE CONTROL
4. DATA ACQUISITION CARD FOR P.C.
5. SIMPLE ANALOGUE INTERFACE FOR P.C.
6. P.C. BASED FUNCTION GENERATOR
7. PC BASED SUN SEEKER
8. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PC’S USING IR, LASER
9. SIMPLE RELAY AND SENSOR INTERFACE FOR P.C.
10. P.C. BASED DIGITAL CLOCK
11. INTERFACE YOUR PC WITH LIGHT AND FANS
12. P.C. BASED VISITOR COUNTER
13. P.C. BASED TOKEN NUMBER DISPLAYER
14. PC BASE TRANSISTOR LEAD IDENTIFIER
15. PC BASED STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER
16. PC BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER
17. P.C. BASED 7-SEGMENT ROLLING DISPLAY
18. PC. BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLED
19. PC BASED ROBOTIC ARM
20. P.C. BASED TIMER
21. P.C. BASED MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING
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Automatic Railway Gate Control & Track Switching( LATEST)
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Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening at unattended railway gates, if implemented in spirit. This project utilizes two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers; one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from where the train comes) at a level higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly the other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjusted by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of the Indian railway. We have considered 5 seconds for this project. Sensors are fixed at 1km on both sides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as ‘foreside sensor’ and the other as ‘aft side sensor’. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is turned on in one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore side receiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed.
The same principle is applied for track switching. Considering a situation wherein an express train and a local train are traveling in opposite directions on the same track; the express train is allowed to travel on the same track and the local train has to switch on to the other track. Two sensors are placed at the either sides of the junction where the track switches. If there’s a train approaching from the other side, then another sensor placed along that direction gets activated and will send an interrupt to the controller. The interrupt service routine switches the track. Indicator lights have been provided to avoid collisions. Here the switching operation is performed using a stepper motor. Assuming that within a certain delay, the train has passed the track is switched back to its original position, allowing the first train to pass without any interruption. This concept of track switching can be applied at 1km distance from the stations.
The project is simple to implement and subject to further improvement.
Model of Automatic Railway Gate Control & Track Switching
Gate Control:
Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means .When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this project has come up with a solution for the same. Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.
Gate control
Hardware Description
The project consists of four main parts:
8051 microcontroller
IR Transmitter
IR Receiver
Stepper Motor Circuit
8051 Microcontroller
The I/O ports of the 8051 are expanded by connecting it to an 8255 chip. The 8255 is programmed as a simple I/O port for connection with devices such as LEDs, stepper motors and sensors. More details of the 8255 are given later.
The following block diagram shows the various devices connected to the different ports of an 8255. The ports are each 8-bit and are named A, B and C. The individual ports of the 8255 can be programmed to be input or output, and can be changed dynamically. The control register is programmed in simple I/O mode with port A, port B and port C (upper) as output ports and port C (lower) as an input port.
Block diagram of 8051 Microcontroller
IR Circuits
This circuit has two stages: a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of an infrared LED and its associated circuitry.
IR Transitter
The transmitter circuit consists of the following components:
IC 555
Resistors
Capacitors
IR LED
The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting unit. To generate IR signal, 555 IC based astable multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driven through transistor BC 548.
IC 555 is used to construct an astable multivibrator which has two quasi-stable states. It generates a square wave of frequency 38kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ‘ON’ the IR LED.
IR Transmitter
IR Receiver
The receiver circuit consists of the following components:
TSOP1738 (sensor)
IC 555
Resistors
Capacitors
The receiver unit consists of a sensor and its associated circuitry. In receiver section, the first part is a sensor, which detects IR pulses transmitted by IR-LED. Whenever a train crosses the sensor, the output of IR sensor momentarily transits through a low state. As a result the monostable is triggered and a short pulse is applied to the port pin of the 8051 microcontroller. On receiving a pulse from the sensor circuit, the controller activates the circuitry required for closing and opening of the gates and for track switching. The IR receiver circuit is shown in the figure below.
IR Receiver
Stepper motor circuit
Stepper motor circuit
Here a stepper motor is used for controlling the gates. A stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. They function as their name suggests – they “step” a little bit at a time. Steppers don’t simply respond to a clock signal. They have several windings which need to be energized in the correct sequence before the motor’s shaft will rotate. Reversing the order of the sequence will cause the motor to rotate the other way.
Track Switching
Using the same principle as that for gate control, we have developed a concept of automatic track switching. Considering a situation wherein an express train and a local train are travelling in opposite directions on the same track; the express train is allowed to travel on the same track and the local train has to switch on to the other track. Indicator lights have been provided to avoid collisions .Here the switching operation is performed using a stepper motor. In practical purposes this can be achieved using electromagnets.
Track Switching
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Intelligent Train Engines ( New-Latest)
Intelligent Train Engines( Click here to book this project)
We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods…. etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And that’s why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.
The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the driver can manually start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed.
So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can feel relax in driving because he doesn’t have to take care about red signal. Even if he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea.
General description:
What we have to do is we have to attach a transmitter with signal pole which will start transmitting signals only when the red light is on. If there is green light no transmission. The engine has a receiver which catches these transmitted signals and takes desire actions.
Both the transmitter and receiver are of RF type with minimum range of 2 Km. so that train can get enough time to decrease its speed and stop before the signal pole with minimum swapping distance of 100-200 mt.
Here in our project we have used IR transmitter and receiver instead of RF for demo purpose. But same idea can be easily implemented with RF also with a little more cost.
Lets first discuss the demonstration model.
Demonstration Model:
The train engine runs on 24V DC motor so that we can easily vary its speed by varying applied voltage. The switching voltage is applied in step of 18 V, 15 V, 12 V and 9 V (min speed). The 230 VAC is step-down to 24 VAC by 12-0-12, 2 Ampere step down transformer. As shown in figure this 24 VAC line runs parallel with track at the top of the train. Movable tapping are taken from this line and fed to the internal circuit of engine. These tapping slides as the train runs on the track and give continuous supply to circuit. The IR sensor is placed at the top of the engine, senses the signals transmitted by IR transmitter attached to signal pole. Train track is straight and 20 ft long. Signal pole is placed at the end of track and train starts from farther end.
Model of Intelligent Train Engines
The project is divided in two parts
Transmitter
Receiver
The transmitter is housed in signal pole and it is activated only when red light is ON.
The receiver is housed in engine which senses the IR signals and takes suitable action.
Signal Pole IR Transmitter:-
The figure shows the schematic diagram of IR transmitter.
Schematic diagram of IR transmitter.
The heart of the circuit is IC555. The main component of the circuit is only IC555.
Connections:
Both ICs are connected in astable mode. The frequency of U2 is 0.5 Hz and U1 is 38 KHz. This is decided by RC components connected with it. The output of U2 is connected with reset pin (4) of U1. Thus the output of U2 controls the operation of U1 means it will switch on or off the output of U1. The output of U1 is fed to two IR LEDs through Darlington pair made up of Q1, Q2 and R5. The 9V DC battery is connected with circuit through SPDT switch SW1 as shown.
Operation:
As shown in figure when SW1 is in position as shown the transmitter is On and also the red LED is also ON. When switch changes its position the red LED and transmitter is off and only green LED will on. When the circuit is energized U2 will start generating high pulse at every 1 sec. as this pulse is fed to reset pin of U1 it will generate 38 KHz square wave and give it to IR leds. IR leds will generate IR beam of 38 KHz for the same time. Thus after every one second the IR beam of 38 KHz is generated for one second only. This cycle repeats till the red light is on.
Note: The range of this transmitter is limited to 10 ft only.
89C51 based IR receiver for Engine:
The IR receiver circuit housed in engine is as shown below.
IR receiver circuit
The main components of the circuit are IR sensor TSOP 1738, microcontroller 89C51, current driver chip ULN2003A and all voltage regulator ICs (78XX series).
Connections:
24 VAC is rectified by diode bridge D1 and filtered through C1 and given to all the regulated ICs as input.
The output of 7805 is connected to 89C51 and TSOP and also to all the LEDs.
Output of 7812 (last one) is connected to common coil terminal and to ULN
The outputs of middle four regulated ICs are connected to DC motor through relay contacts.
Output of TSOP is connected with pin P3.3 (INT1) of microcontroller
All five leds are connected with port P0 as shown
Input of ULN is connected with Port 1 pins P1.0-P1.3, and outputs are connected with second terminal of relay coil.
Operation:
TSOP will detect the 38 KHz IR beam and gives the interrupt to 89C51.
89C51 will indicate the interrupt event on first (green) LED and energizes only one particular relay through ULN chip.
When any of the four relay get energized the motor will get supply from it and it will start running
As voltage is less it will run with less speed
So now its the function of microcontroller to receive signal from IR sensor, decrease the speed of train gradually in four steps and then stop it. And this is done by software embedded in to 89C51.
How the project works?
Initially when you switch on the supply 89C51 will switch all the relays RL1- RL4 one by one. So motor will get 9-12-15-18 V supply in steps and gradually increases its speed reaches max speed indicated by first red LED (P0.0).
Now if the signal is green then train will cross the pole with same pole
But if signal becomes red in between then IR sensor will detect IR beam and interrupts the 89C51
Getting first interrupt 89C51 will switch off RL4 and switch on RL3 so now motor will get 15 V supply and its speed will be decreased. That’s indicated by second red LED (P0.1)
Now 89C51 will wait for some time (2 to 3 sec) and train goes on with same speed. Again if still red signal is on 89C51 will be interrupted and this time it will switch on RL2. so now motor gets 12V supply and again its speed will be decreased indicated by third red LED (P0.2)
The same procedure repeats if 89C51 is interrupted third times. Now motor runs at min speed (9 V) indicated by fourth red LED (P0.3)
After same delay on receiving fourth interrupt all the relays will be switched off and motor is now stop so the train is also stopped. This is indicated by green LED.
After this interrupts will be disabled. So now when red signal becomes green driver must reset the controller to start the train again.
The complete pseudo code with necessary comments is as given
org 00h
mov r0,#01h ; initialize the counter to count no. of interrupts
sjmp over ; jump above the interrupt subroutine
org 0013h ; interrupt 1 subroutine location
mov ie,#00h ; disable interrupt first
clr p0.0 ; interrupt indication on green led
inc r0 ; increment counter
acall delay ; call 0.1 sec delay
setb p0.0 ; reset green led
cjne r0,#02h,nxt2 ;if counter is 2 then decrease speed be one step (15 V)
mov p0,#0fbh
mov p1,#04h ; give indication on second red led
sjmp out
nxt2: cjne r0,#03h,nxt3 ; if counter is 3 then decrease speed be two step (12 V)
mov p0,#0f7h
mov p1,#02h ; give indication on third red led
sjmp out
nxt3: cjne r0,#04h,nxt4 ; if counter is 4 then decrease speed be three step (9 V)
mov p0,#0efh
mov p1,#01h ; give indication on fourth red led
sjmp out
nxt4: cjne r0,#05h,out ; if counter is 5 then stop the train
mov p0,#0feh
mov p1,#00h ; indicate it by green led.
out: acall dely ; call 2 sec delay every time when speed is changed
mov ie,#84h ; enable interrupt again
reti ; return from interrupt
over:mov p1,#01h ; main program starts from here starts train with min speed
acall dely ; and gradually increase it to max in four step
mov p1,#02h ; with 2 sec delay in between
acall dely
mov p1,#04h
acall dely
mov p1,#08h
mov p0,#0fdh
mov ie,#84h ; enable the interrupt
here: sjmp here ; continue loop
delay:
mov r6,#64h ; 0.1 sec delay
lop2:mov r5,#0FAh
lop1:nop
nop
djnz r5,lop1
djnz r6,lop2
ret
dely:
mov r7,#15h ; 2 sec delay
lop5:mov r6,#64h
lop4:mov r5,#0FAh
lop3:nop
nop
djnz r5,lop3
djnz r6,lop4
djnz r7,lop5
ret
end
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Vehicle Monitoring and Security System (latest)
ABSTRACT: In this modern, fast moving and insecure world, it is become a basic necessity to be aware of one’s safety. Maximum risks occur in situations wherein an employee travels for money transactions. Also the Company to which he belongs should be aware if there is some problem. What if the person traveling can be tracked and also secured in the case of an emergency?! Fantastic, isn’t it? Of course it is and here’s a system that functions as a tracking and a security system. It’s the VMSS. This system can deal with both pace and security.
The VMSS (Vehicle Monitoring and Security System) is a GPS based vehicle tracking system that is used for security applications as well. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of each person travelling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station; the complete data about the vehicle.
Along with tracking the vehicle, the system is used for security applications as well. Each passenger/employee will have an ID of their own and will be using a remote containing key for Entry, Exit and Panic. The Panic button is used by the driver or the passenger so as to alert the concerned of emergency conditions. On pressing this button, an alarm will be activated which will help the passenger/employee in emergencies and keep them secure throughout the journey. The vehicle can also be immobilized remotely.
INTRODUCTION:
Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles.
GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a number of well-developed technologies.
To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPS’s ability to pin-point location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center.
Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.
The design takes into consideration important factors regarding both position and data communication. Thus, the project integrates location determination (GPS) and cellular (GSM) – two distinct and powerful technologies in a single system.
VMSS is based on a PIC microcontroller-based system equipped with a GPS receiver and a GSM Module operating in the 900 MHz band. We housed the parts in one small plastic unit, which was then mounted on the vehicle and connected to GPS and GSM antennas. The position, identity, heading, and speed are transmitted either automatically at user-defined time intervals or when a certain event occurs with an assigned message (e.g.; accident, alert, or leaving/entering an admissible geographical area).
The GPS Module outputs the vehicle location information such as longitude, latitude, direction, and Greenwich Time every five minutes. The GSM wireless communications function is based on a GSM network established in a valid region and with a valid service provider. Via the SMS provided by the GSM network, the location information and the status of the GPS-GSM VMSS are sent to the control center. Meanwhile, the VMSS receives the control information from the control center via the same SMS. Next, the GPS-GSM VMSS sends the information stored in the microcontroller via an RS-232 interface.
There are two ways to use the VMSS’ alarm function, which can be signified by either a buzzer or presented on
LCD. The first way is to receive the command from the control center; second way is to manually send the alarm information to the control center with the push of a button.
The base station consists of landline modem(s) and GIS workstation. The information about the vehicle is received at a base station and is then displayed on a PC based map. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides a current, spatial, visual representation of transit operations. It is a special type of computerized database management system in which geographic databases are related to one via a common set of location coordinates.
STAGES OF VMSS
STAGE 1: 
Driver starts his trip from the transport office.
VMSS transmits the Driver I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.
STAGE 2:
Taxi picks up the employee/passenger from their residence.
VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore base station will be able to keep a track of the vehicle and thus the employee/passenger.
STAGE 3:
Taxi drops the employee/passenger to the workplace.
VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.
STAGE 4:
Taxi picks the employee/passenger from the workplace.
VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore this enables the base station to estimate the time if required and also keep a track of the vehicle, passenger and the driver.
STAGE 5:
Taxi drops the employee/passenger to their residence.
VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station and makes sure that the job is 100% complete.
The Project Cost is 20,000 to book call us 9717408885
UltraSonic Radar
General Description
This is a very interesting project with many practical applications in security and alarm systems for homes, shops and cars. It consists of a set of ultrasonic receiver and transmitter which operate at the same frequency. When something moves in the area covered by the circuit the circuit’s fine balance is disturbed and the alarm is triggered. The circuit is very sensitive and can be adjusted to reset itself automatically or to stay triggered till it is reset manually after an alarm.
Technical Specifications – Characteristics
Working voltage: 12V DC
Current: 30 mA
How it Works
As it has already been stated the circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver both of which work at the same frequency. They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and input devices respectively and their frequency of operation is determined by the particular devices in use.
The transmitter is built around two NAND gates of the four found in IC3 which are used here wired as inverters and in the particular circuit they form a multivibrator the output of which drives the transducer. The trimmer P2 adjusts the output frequency of the transmitter and for greater efficiency it should be made the same as the frequency of resonance of the transducers in use. The receiver similarly uses a transducer to receive the signals that are reflected back to it the output of which is amplified by the transistor TR3, and IC1 which is a 741 op-amp. The output of IC1 is taken to the non inverting input of IC2 the amplification factor of which is adjusted by means of P1. The circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as the output frequency of the transmitter. If there is some movement in the area covered by the ultrasonic emission the signal
that is reflected back to the receiver becomes distorted and the circuit is thrown out of balance. The output of IC2 changes abruptly and the Schmitt trigger circuit which is built around the remaining two gates in IC3 is triggered. This drives the output transistors TR1,2 which in turn give a signal to the alarm system or if there is a relay connected to the circuit, in series with the collector of TR1, it becomes activated. The circuit works from 9-12 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply.
Circuit diagram
Construction
First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a printed circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of making errors. Smart Kit boards also come pre-drilled and with the outline of the components and their identification printed on the component side to make construction easier. To protect the board during storage from oxidation and assure it gets to you in perfect condition the copper is tinned during manufacturing and covered with a special varnish that protects it from getting oxidised and also makes soldering easier. Soldering the components to the board is the only way to build your circuit and from the way you do it depends greatly your success or failure. This work is not very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have no problems. The soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time you can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it. DO NOT file or sandpaper a dirty or worn out tip. If the tip cannot be cleaned, replace it. There are many different types of solder in the market and you should choose a good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core, to assure a perfect joint every time. DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in your solder. Too much flux can cause many problems and is one of the main causes of circuit malfunction. If nevertheless you have to use extra flux, as it is the case when you have to tin copper wires, clean it very thoroughly after you finish your work. In order to solder a component correctly you should do the following:
@Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.
@Bend them at the correct distance from the component’s body and insert the component in its place on the board.
@You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board.
@In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.
@Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.
@When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder. The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board track. If the solder looks dull, cracked,or has the shape of a blob then you have made a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump, or a solder wick) and redo it.
@Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and break them.
@When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any heat that could possibly damage the component.
@Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close together.
@When you finish your work cut off the excess of the component leads and clean the board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still remain on it.
@There are quite a few components in the circuit and you should be careful to avoid mistakes that will be difficult to trace and repair afterwards. Solder first the pins and the IC sockets and then following if that is possible the parts list the resistors the trimmers and the capacitors paying particular attention to the correct orientation of the electrolytic.
@Solder then the transistors and the diodes taking care not to overheat them during soldering. The transducers should be positioned in such a way as they do not affect each other directly because this will reduce the efficiency of the circuit. When you finish soldering, check your work to make sure that you have done everything properly, and then insert the IC’s in their sockets paying attention to their correct orientation and handling IC3 with great care as it is of the CMOS type and can be damaged quite easily by static discharges. Do not take it out of its aluminium foil wrapper till it is time to insert it in its socket, ground the board and your body to discharge static electricity and then insert the IC carefully in its socket. In the kit you will find a LED and a resistor of 560 — which will help you to make the necessary adjustments to the circuit. Connect the resistor in series with the LED and then connect them between point 9 of the circuit and the positive supply rail (point 1).
Connect the power supply across points 1 (+) and 2 (-) of the p.c. board and put P1 at roughly its middle position. Turn then P2 slowly till the LED lights when you move your fingers slightly in front of the transducers. If you have a frequency counter then you can make a much more accurate adjustment of the circuit. Connect the frequency counter across the transducer and adjust P2 till the frequency of the oscillator is exactly the same as the resonant frequency of the transducer. Adjust then P1 for maximum sensitivity. Connecting together pins 7 & 8 on the p.c. board will make the circuit to stay triggered till it is manually reset after an alarm. This can be very useful if you want to know that there was an attempt to enter in the place which are protected by the radar.
Adjustments
This kit does not need any adjustments, if you follow the building instructions.
Warning
If they are used as part of a larger assembly and any damage is caused, our company bears no responsibility.
While using electrical parts, handle power supply and equipment with great care, following safety standards as described by international specs and regulations.
If it does not work
Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that usually cause problems. Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there is a mistake there.
See that there are no components missing or inserted in the wrong places.
Make sure that all the polarised components have been soldered the right way round. Make sure that the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right way round to your circuit. Check your project for faulty or damaged components.
If everything checks and your project still fails to work, please contact your retailer and the Smart Kit Service will repair it for you.
Parts
R1 180 KOhm
R2 12 KOhm
R3, 8 47 KOhm
R4 3,9 KOhm
R5, 6, 16 10 KOhm
R7, 10, 12, 14, 17 100 KΩ
R9, 11 1 MOhm
R13, 15 3,3 KOhm
C1, C6 10uF/16V
C2 47uF/16V
C3 4,7 pF
C4, C7 1 nF
C5 10nF
C8, C11 4,7 uF/16V
C9 22uF/16V
C10 100 nF
C12 2,2 uF/16V
C13 3,3nF
C14 47nF
TR1, 2, 3 BC547 , BC548
P1 10 KOhm trimmer
P2 47 KOhm trimmer
IC1, 2 741 OP-AMP
IC3 4093 C-MOS
R TRANSDUCER 40KHz
T TRANSDUCER 40KHz
D1, 2, 3, 4 1N4148
call us or mail us to book this project at freshersblog@gmail.com
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Live-line Detector (NeW)
Detects the presence of a live mains conductor
Minimum parts counting
Circuit diagram:
Parts:
C1____________100nF 63V Polyester or Ceramic Capacitor
D1_____________Red LED (any type)
IC1____________4017 Decade counter with 10 decoded outputs IC
P1_____________SPST Pushbutton
B1_____________3V Battery (two 1.5V AA or AAA cells in series etc.)
Sensing probe__3 to 15 cm. long, stiff insulated piece of wire
Circuit operation:
If the unit is brought close to a live conductor (insulated, and even buried in plaster) capacitive coupling between the live conductor and the probe clocks the counter, and causes the LED to flash 5 times per second, because the 4017 IC divides the mains 50Hz frequency by 10.
When remote from a live line, the unit stops counting, the LED resulting permanently off.
Notes:
Sensitivity can be varied using a more or less long sensing probe.
Due to 3V operation, the LED’s current limiting resistor can be omitted.
Line Robot
Line Robot
Recently
many kind of robot contests have being opened and some interesting reports of
the challenge are found on the web. The Line Following is a kind of the robot
contests to vie running speed on the line. I build a tiny line following robot
which can run on the desk, moving the key board aside will do. It is for only
a personal toy reduced its size less than one fifth compared to typical line
following robots, not in formura. But I believe that it is suitable for home
use in the small Japanese houses said that rabbit burrow…(^_^;. Of course
I have also no time to take part in the robot contests 
About Line Follower
The line follower is one of the self operating robot that follows a line
that drawn on the floor. The basic operations of the line following are as follows:
- Capture line position with optical sensors mounted at front end of the
robot. Most are using several number of photo-reflectors, and some leading
contestants are using an image sensor for image processing. The line sensing
procss requires high resolution and high robustness. - Steear robot to track the line with any steearing mechanism. This is
just a servo operation, any phase compensation will be required to stabilize
tracking motion by applying digital PID filter or any other servo argolithm. - Control speed according to the lane condition. Running speed is limited
during passing a curve due to friction of the tire and the floor.
There are two line styles, white line on the black floor and black line on
the white floor. Most contest are adopting the first one in line width of between
15 and 25 millimeters.
Hardware
Mechanics
Right image shows bottom view and side view of the built line following robot.
All mechanical and electrical parts are mounted on a proto board, and it also
constitutes the chasis.
The line following robot is upheld in three points of two driving wheels
and a free wheel. The driving wheels are made with a 7 mm dia ball bearing and
a rubber tire. The free wheel is a 5 mm dia ball bearing attached loosely. To
drive driving wheels, two tiny
vibration motors that used
for cellular phone, pager or any mobile equipment are used. Its shaft is pressed
onto the tire with a spring plate, the output torque is transferred to the wheels.
The steearing mechanism is realized in differential drive that steear
the robot by difference in rotation speed between the left wheel and the right
wheel. It does not require any additional actuator, only controling the wheel
speed will do.
Electronics
| Controller | ATmega8 (Atmel) |
| Line sensor | Six photo-reflectors |
| Power supply | Two CR2032 lithium cells (One is for controller, the other is for motors) |
| Motor | Two micromotors for left wheel and right wheel |
| Dimensions | 45(L), 33(W), 12.5(H) [mm] |
| Weight | 15 grams (Body:8g, Cells:7g) |
| Performance | 53 centimeter per second at oval course |
An Atmel ATmega8 is used for the controller and it is powered by a lithium
coin cell. The other lithium coin cell is for only motors. Separating the power
supply into two cells is to avoid accidental reset of the microcontroller due
to voltage dip by motor start current. Six photo-reflectors are mounted at front
end of the chasis. They sense reflection rate of the floor under them. Motors
are driven in PWM to control rotation speed lineary. The latest circuit diagram
is here.
Software
Using photo-reflectors
To detect a line to be followed, most contestants are using two or more number
of poto-reflectors. Its output current that proportional to reflection rate
of the floor is converted to voltage with a resister and tested it if the line
is detected or not. However the threshold voltage cannot be fixed to any level
because optical current by ambent light is added to the output current like
the image shown right.
Most photo-detecting modules for industrial use are using modurated light
to avoid interference by the ambient light. The detected signal is filtered
with a band pass filter and disused signals are filtered out. Therefore only
the modurated signal from the light emitter can be detected. Of course the detector
must not be saturated by ambient light, this is effective when the detector
is working in linear region.
In this project, pulsed light is used to cancel ambient light. This is suitable
for arraied sensors that scanned in sequence to avoid interference from next
sensor. The microcontroller starts to scan the sensor status, sample an output
voltage, turn on LED and sample again the output voltage. The difference between
the two samples is the optical current by LED, output voltage by the ambient
light is canceled. The other sensors are also scanned the same avobe in sequence.
Signal processing of line detection
Right image shows the actual line posisiton vs detected line position in
center value of 640. The microcontroller scans six sensors and calcurates the
line position by output ratio of two sensors near the line. Thus the line position
can be detected lineary with only six sensors. All the sensor outputs are captured
as analog value that proportioning to reflection ratio, and the sensitivity
have variety between each one of them. In this system, to remove the variations
from the outputs, calibration parameters for each sensor can be held into non-volatile
memory. This can be done with online mode. The microcontroler enters the online
mode when an ISP
cable is attached, and it can be controlled with a terminal program in serial
format of N81 38.4kbps. S1 command monitors sensor values, and S2 command calibrates
variation of sensor gain on the reference surface (white paper). The ATmega8
must be set to 8MHz internal osc.
Tracking control
The line position is compeared to the center value to be tracked, the position
error is processed with Proportional/Integral/Diffence filters to generate steering
command. The line folloing robot tracks the line in PID control that the most
popular argolithm for servo control.
The proportional term is the commom process in the servo system. It is only
a gain amplifire without time dependent process. The differencial term is applied
in order to improve the responce to disturbance, and it also compensate phase
lag at the controled object. The D term will be required in most case to stabilize
tracking motion. The I term is not used in this project from following resons.
The I term that boosts DC gain is applied in order to remove left offset error,
however, it often decrease servo stability due to its phase lag. The line following
operation can ignore such tracking offset so that the I term is not required.
When any line sensing error has occured for a time due to getting out of
line or end of line, the motors are stopped and the microcontroller enters sleep
state of zero power consumption.
Notes
- Development diary [Ja]
- Circuit diagram
- Firmware May 23, 2004
- Following motion
with only P control
This is a video file of line following motion with only P control. The servo
system oscllated. - Following motion
with P and D controls
Adding D control could improve the servo stability. The robot follows the
line correctly. Therefore the servo parameter must be optimized for mechanical
characterristics to improve the tracking stability.
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Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter project for you
Abstract:
To design and build a wireless transmitter that works over the FM frequency and allows the transfer of a video/audio signal over a certain distance to an FM tuner.
Introduction:
In this fast-paced world, there is little time for inconveniences and a greater need for portability and adaptability. The idea for an Audio/Video transmitter stems from this need. There may have been times when you’ve wanted to hook up your VCR from one room to another television set in another room. But that would have entailed that you first unhook all kinds of wires and plugs from the primary TV set; carry the VCR to the next TV set; and then finally re-wire everything together. An Audio/Video transmitter will let you do just about the same thing. But it would offer other conveniences as well. For example, it would allow you to set up security cameras around your home which would send video signals directly to a TV or VCR. And, there are no cumbersome wires and cables to line throughout the intended area. Design & Development (What we did):
The most difficult part of this project was coming up with a design that would work. Because both of us had very little experience with RF signal systems we had to learn, basically, from scratch. The approach we took, was to first create a video transmitter, then add the audio portion later. This way we could test each component individually and then integrate them later when we knew both parts were working correctly. We first went to the Grainger Library to research various transmitters designs and how they were built. Although all the books were very old, we were able to gather some useful information from various sources. Most of the books had only information about sending audio transmission and had very little on video signal transmissions. Also, some books that had some kind of designs and data for video tranmission were very outdated. But we found some interesting standards that help explained what television stations used. This was not too far from what our original intentions were on building two different types of transmitters. Let us first look at the basic block diagram of what and how Audio/Video transmission works. From the book: Television Electronics by Kiver and Kaufman (8th ed.) Copyright 1983; there is a block diagram of the television transmitter (page 9, Kiver and Kaufman).
As you can see, television signals operates as two separate transmissions. One for the video and the other for sound. And just like our project, two different devices are going to be built. As noted before, most of the books we used from Grainger Library were older than us, so all parts used listed (tubes and such) were outdated and not readily available to us. So the search goes on to finding another solution.
Let us look at some of the industry standards that might help shed some light on this project. From the book: Radio Frequency Transmission Systems by Whitaker (1st ed.) Copyright 1991; we see some of the standards set by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (page 44, Whitaker).
| Band | Channels | Frequency |
| Low-band VHF | 2 through 6 | (54-72 Mhz and 76-88 Mhz) |
| High-band VHF | 7 through 13 | (174-216 Mhz) |
| UHF | 14 through 69 | (470-806 Mhz) |
| UHF | 70-83 | (806-890 Mhz) currently assigned to land mobile radio services |
Below is a table that show the specific frequency band assignment to the channels designations (page 45, Whitaker).
From the table above, we see that all channels assignments are 6 Mhz apart. And from Kiver and Kaufman (page 20-21) there is a listing of all of the corresponding television channels to their frequencies with much greater detail showing the picture carrier and the sound carrier assignments. Although based on cable standards, it is identical to the airwave standards set by the FCC. Within the 6 Mhz range the picture and sound carrier are within 2 Mhz from the ends and also about 2 Mhz apart from each other. This leaves about 4 Mhz in between each channels.
Implementation (How we did it):
After searching high and low we have come across a diagram of some audio transmission schematic which was claimed to also be capable of transmitting video signals. The device was later found out to be known as the repeater. In the following pages we have printed up the schematics that we used to build our devices. Two devices were built (as noted above as to why two different transmitters are needed). We had various difficulties with implementing the video transmitter design. We discovered that somehow a 9v battery did not deliver enough power to the circuit produce a strong clean signal. So a bench power supply was used to run the circuit.
We have also learned that not using an insulated crossdriver to tune our circuit to the correct frequency gave us a lot of problems. So, for an alternative solution, we used an old clock/radio/TV with an analog tuner to test our design. This allowed for fine tuning with a plastic knob when searching correct frequency.
The audio transmitter eventually worked. But the audio signal was wrought with interference and fluctuations depending on the distance between the transmitter, the receiver and the position of the transmitter’s antenna. Also, since the devices were built in a very crude manner, it was very prone to noise interference creating highly distorted signals.
Audio/Video transmitter schematic
There was another design for video transmission found from the book: The Giant Book of Electronics Projects by The Editors of 73 Magazine (1st ed. 16th printing) Copyright 1982 (page 464).
We didn’t build this design since we didn’t know some of the undefined values (or at least they were not properly determined and purposely left undefined). Conclusion (Results):
Overall we learned a great deal about RF signals relative to how much we knew before hand. We recommend taking an RF signal class such as ECE353 before undertaking any sort of RF project. This project can be greatly improved on for those interested in RF transmission design which most people take for granted when listening to their favorite band on the radio or watching football games on the TV.
sumit k kushwaha
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Prepaid Energy Meter (AT89S52) – 8051 Microcontroller
A scheme of Electricity billing system called ?PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR? can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and can reduces problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces deployment of manpower for taking meter readings.
Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an EEPROM IC) with a password stored inside it using a MC program. The memory card is available at various ranges (ie. Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200 etc?).In our project we have given the name for memory card as smart card.
When the consumer insert a smart card into the card reader which is connected in ?prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator?kit.Then the card reader will read the stored information and delete the information from the EEPROM IC(smart card) using the MC program. So that the smart card cannot be reused by others. Suppose if a consumer buy a card for Rs.50/- he / she can insert this amount through the card reader so that prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator kit will be activated. According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced. When the amount is over, the relay will automatically shutdown the whole system. In our project we also have a provision to give an alarm sound to consumer before the whole amount is reduced.
The cards are nothing but the EEPROM chip AT24C04.
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microprocessor projects Water level Controller
The water level Controller is a reliable circuit, it takes over the task of indicating and Controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. The level of the water is displayed in the LED Bar graph. The Copper probes are used to sense the water level. The probes are inserted into the water tank which is to be monitored. This water-level Controller-***-alarm circuit is configured around the well-known 8 bit Microprocessor 8085. It continuously monitors the overhead water level and display it and it also switch Off the Motor when the tank fills and it will automatically switch On the Motor when the water level is low. The Microprocessor will also indicate the water level over the LED display. All the input and output functions are done through the Programmable Peripheral Interface IC 8255.
final year projects
MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS for final year electronics
latest projects 2010 special..
Automatic Railway Gate Control & Track Switching( LATEST)
Put Coin And Draw Power (latest) for Electrical and Electronics.
Intelligent Train Engines ( New-Latest)
VEHECLE MONITORING AND SECURITY SYSTEM
Call Us Now to Book any of these projects now Click here for Booking Details.
1. FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
2. MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
3. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY 8085 MICROPROCESSOR(LATEST)
4. PC16F84- BASED CODED DEVICE SWITCHING SYSTEM
5. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
6. MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM(LATEST)
7. MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
8. AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
9. MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
10. LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
11. CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
12. PIC 18 F 84 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASE CODE DEVICE SWITCH SYSTEM
13. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM(LATEST)
14. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
15. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER(LATEST)
16. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
17. RS232 ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
18. ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
19. CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
20. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER(LATEST)
21. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.(LATEST)
22. MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY(LATEST)
23. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
24. MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
25. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR(LATEST)
26. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION(LATEST)
27. MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM(LATEST)
28. MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
29. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
30. Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
31. TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
32. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
33. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
34. MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING BY MCU
35. MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
36. ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
37. INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
38. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
39. MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
40. MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
41. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
42. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
43. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
44. MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
45. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
46. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
47. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
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projects recomended for UP TECH UNIVERSITY,DDU,PTU,ANNA UNIVERSITY,IP UNIV,
JAMMU UNIV AND ALL OTHER UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.
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IndianEngineers Institute For Engineering Services And PSU's Comming Soon in Delhi
PROJECT ON WIRELESS DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH INFRARED-LED
SYNOPSIS of the month
TITLE OF THE SYNOPSIS:-
“Conceptual designs development & demonstrations of a
WIRELESS DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH INFRARED-LED”
OBJECTIVES:-
To Design a circuit of an electronic infrared communication system.
Develop new ideas to implement this circuit purposely.
To study the circuitry and different types of components & DTMF generator, DTMF decoder, op-amp and infrared-LED in the circuit.
INTRODUCTION
For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation.
One of the most interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been proved in the past decade that light wave transmission through laser light is superior than that achieved through wires and microwave links. Typically, infrared LED has a much lower transmission loss per unit length (0.15-5db/km) and is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Economically also, it serves our purpose. The ever increasing cost and the lack of space available in the congested metropolitan cities asks for advent of a less costly system.
The conventional telephonic systems use copper wires, which easily get oxidized and as such require high maintenance cost. The laser light being made of glass are non-reactive and hence economical. Also, the noise pick up by the copper wire or in electrical signals is quite substantial whereas in laser light, the noise pick up is negligible.
Basic elements of a infrared LED system
Applications
(i) Applications for video transmission include high quality video Trunked from studio Transfeter, Broadcast CATV video, Video Trunking within city or between cities, Baasedand Video for closed.
BLOCKDIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
MIKE: Its converts sound signals into electrical signals.
AMPLIFIER (A): Signals from mike are amplified so that it can drive to infrared-LED.
INFRARED-LED: It carries signals.
PHOTO TRANSISTOR: The electrical signals are regained from the optical signals.
AMPLIFIER (B): Energy of signals is amplified to drive the speaker.
SPEAKER: Electrical signals which are amplified are reconverted into sound signals at the speaker.
DTMF CODER: It is generates the DTMF signal corresponding to the number entered from the keyboard.
DTMF DECODER : It is fed to DTMF decoder which gives the binary output corresponding to the signal received from the transmitter.
DECODER DRIVER : To drive the 7 segment display.
The circuit
The main part of Circuit is an amplifier. This sound signals (even at a distance of 2 meters from the mic) are picked up by the condenser microphone and converted into electrical variation, which are amplified by the op-amp. (Operational amplifier) IC- 741 is use in the inverting mode with a single supply using divider network of resistor the gain of IC can be set be varying the feed back through R5/6 resistance (can place a 1M variable) here the output of IC is further amplified buy the push-pull amplifier using transistor BC.548/558 pair, in this circuit are R2 is feed back resistance with R1/8 and C1/3 to connected IC-741. The IC’s pin 2 is connect VR1 (variable resistance) through connect to O/P of T1 (transistor) also use 6volt DC. The microphone should be placed near the circuit with the shield wire to suppress tune. The output of the amplifier is taken from emitter of two transistors, with a filter C5 from speaker. Same process continues in the second amplifier.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF SWITCH SECTION
This project was based on photo diodes and photo transistor. Photo diodes had been used as a transmitter and photo transistor as a receiver. This project had been divided in two part, First part transmitter section and second part receiver section. Slide switch selected to voice communication and data.
TRANSMISSIONSECTION :When switch key is pressed, circuit is energised. The output of The transmit IR beams modulated at same frequency 1KHz. The receiver uses infrared module. The IR- signal form the transmitter is sensed by the receiver sensor.
RECEIVER SECTION:- This section is worked as a Flip-flop (Bistable). IC-3 is decade counter, its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip-flop, to switch ‘ON’ or switch ‘OFF’ a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR-signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and switched LED. IC-3 is worked on clock pulse which receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its output at Pin No 2 throughes high.
The output of IC-2 is also used for lighting LED-1 indicating presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor LED is switched ‘OFF’. When another signal arrives, LED is switched ‘ON’ and through clock pulse at Pin No. 14 of IC-3. This makes the LED to switch ‘ON’ the appliance at first pulse and ‘OFF’ the appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6-9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split filter and digital decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC,or 20-pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and dial tone rejection. The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This DTMF receiver minimizes external component count by providing an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and a latched three-state interface bus. The on-chip clock generator requires only a low cost TV crystal or ceramic resonator as an external component.
Notes:
1. dBm = decibels above or below a reference power
of 1mW into a 600. load.
2. Digit sequence consists of all 16 DTMF tones.
3. Tone duration = 40ms. Tone pause = 40ms.
4. Nominal DTMF frequencies are used.
5. Both tones in the composite signal have
an equal amplitude.
6. Bandwidth limited (0 to 3KHz) Gaussian Noise.
7. The precise dial tone frequencies are
(350Hz and 440Hz) ±2%.
8. For an error rate of better than 1 in 10,000
9. Referenced to lowest level frequency component
in DTMF signal.
10. Minimum signal acceptance level is measured with
specified maximum frequency deviation.
11. Input pins defined as IN+, IN–, and TOE.
12. External voltage source used to bias VREF.
13. This parameter also applies to a third tone injected onto
the power supply.
14. Referenced to Figure 1. Input DTMF tone level
at –28dBm.
COMPONENTS USED
RESISTANCE:
R1, 150W
R2,R11,R12 100kW
R3, R7 10KW
R4, R8 4.7kW
R5,R6,R9,R10 15KW
R13 220K W
R14 1KW
R15-R22 150W
VR-1,VR-2 1MW Variable Resistance
CAPACITOR:
C1,C2,C4,C5 0.1 mfd (104 pf)
C3 220 mfd
MIKE Condensor Microphone
SEMICONDUCTOR:
IC1- UM91215B (DTMF CODER)
IC2, IC-3 741 (OP AMP)
IC-4 CM8870 (DTMF DECODER)
IC-5 74LS47 (DECODER)
T1,T3 NPN BC548
T2,T4 PNP BC558
LED Light Emitting Diode
Pt. Photo Transistor
MISCELLANEOUS:
IC Base 8 Pin (2pcs.)
Speaker 8 ohms
Optical Fibre General purpose
PCB General purpose
Slide Switch DPDT
Battery 6 volt DC
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
RECEIVER
AUTOMATION SECTION
BLOCKDIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
IR-LED: It carries signals and converted into optical signals.
PHOTO TRANSISTOR: The electrical signals are regained from the optical signals.
DTMF CODER: It is generates the DTMF signal corresponding to the number entered from the keyboard.
DTMF RECEIVER/DECODER : It is fed to DTMF decoder which gives the binary output corresponding to the signal received from the transmitter.
DEMULTIPLEXER/ 4-16 LINE DECODER: It takes the 4 line BCD input and selects respective output one among the 16 output lines. It is active low output and drives to relay.
RELAY DRIVER : Its section controls the relay. It has a Not Gate and four NPN transistors. NPN transistor is drive to relay which works as a switching. Relay controls the AC devices.
WORKING OF AUTOMATION CONTROL SECTION:
Signal Decoding Unit:
This is the main unit of this system. This unit consists of a DTMF to BCD decoder IC MT 8870, 4 to 16 line decoder IC 74154 and hex inverter gate IC 4049. The working of all the above IC’s are mentioned here before.
The DTMF to BCD decoder IC MT8870 takes a valid tone signal from the IR transmitter section. Then the tone signal is converted in to 4 bit BCD number output obtained at pins from 11 to 14. This output is fed to the 4-16 line decoder IC74154. This IC takes the BCD number and decodes. According to that BCD number it selects the active low output line from 1 to 16 which is decimal equivalent of the BCD number present at its input pins. Since the low output of this IC the output is inverted to get logic high output. This inversion is carried out by hex inverter IC 4049- built on TTL logic. This IC inverts the data on its input terminal and gives inverted output.
3. Device switching unit:
This unit consists of a tri state buffer and a D flip flop. After making confirmation of current status of the device to alter the status of that device, you have to change the mode of the tri state buffer by making the control input high. This is done by pressing the ‘#’ key. When this key is pressed the output of the 4-16 line decoder goes low The output of tri state buffer is latched by using a D flip-flop. Here this D flip flop is used in the toggle mode. For each positive going edge of the clock pulse will trigger the flip-flop.
After a period of 5 seconds the output of the IC 6 goes low and puts the tri state buffer in the high impedance state. Therefore to change the status of any other device is to be done after the output of IC 6 goes low, again ‘#’ key is pressed to make the tri state buffer act as input –output state and the respective code of the device is pressed.
4. Power supply unit:
For the proper working of this local control section except the local telephone set it needs a permanent back up which gives a 5V back up continuously. This is achieved by using a 5V regulated power supply from a voltage regulated IC 7805. This 5V source is connected to all ICs and relays. This IC gets a backup from a 9V battery.
5. Relay driver circuit:
To carry out the switching of any devices we commonly use the relays. Since the output of the D flip flop is normally +5V or it is the voltage of logic high state. So we cannot use this output to run the device or appliances. Therefore here we use relays, which can handle a high voltage of 230V or more, and a high current in the rate of 10Amps to energize the electromagnetic coil of the relays +5V is sufficient. Here we use the transistors to energize the relay coil. The output of the D flip-flop is applied to the base of the transistor T2 – T5 via a resister. When the base voltage of the transistor is above 0.7V the emitter-base (EB) junction of the transistor forward biased as a result transistor goes to saturation region it is nothing but the switching ON the transistor. This intern switches on the relay. By this the devices is switches ON. When the output of D flip-flop goes low the base voltage drops below 0.7V as a result the robotic devices also switches OFF.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
This system is divided into two sections, 1: Remote Section 2: automation Control Section.
REMOTE SECTION:
This unit consists of IR transmitter section, which is present in the remote place. The figure (E) shows the circuit diagram of the DTMF encoder, which resembles the DTMF transmitter section. It uses DTMF encoder integrated circuit, Chip UM 91214B. This IC produces DTMF signals. It contains four row frequencies & three column frequencies. The pins of IC 91214 B from 12 to 14 produces high frequency column group and pins from 15 to 18 produces the low frequency row group. By pressing any key in the keyboard corresponding DTMF signal is available in its output pin at pin no.7. For producing the appropriate signals it is necessary that a crystal oscillator of 3.58MHz is connected across its pins 3 & 4 so that it makes a part of its internal oscillator.
Figure (E). Circuit diagram of the DTMF encoder
This encoder IC requires a voltage of 3V. For that IC is wired around 4.5V battery. And 3V backup Vcc for this IC is supplied by using 3.2v zener diode.
The row and column frequency of this IC is as on the fig. “B”. By pressing the number 5 in the key pad the output tone is produced which is the resultant of addition of two frequencies, at pin no. 13 & pin no.16 of the IC and respective tone which represents number ‘5′ in key pad is produced at pin no.7 of the IC. This signal is sent to the DTMF transmitter section through IR-LED.
ROBOTIC ARM CONTROL SECTION:
This is a control unit through which you can control your devices. This contains one DTMF transmitter section and a devices Control Section. The devices to be controlled must be connected to phototransistor through control unit. Control unit is kept with a sufficient backup.
devices control Section consists of a DTMF decoder, 4-16 line decoder/demultiplexer, D-flip-flops, and relay driver circuits. Before going into detail of the circuit, we will take a brief description about integrated circuits used in local control section.
MT 8870 DTMF decoder:
IC MT8870/KT3170 serves as DTMF. This IC takes DTMF signal coming via telephone line and converts that signal into respective BCD number. It uses same oscillator frequency used in the remote section so same crystal oscillator with frequency of 3.85M Hz is used in this IC.
Working of IC MT8870:
The MT-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz crystal, a timing resistor, and a timing capacitor. The MT-8870-02 can also inhibit the decoding of fourth column digits.
MT-8870 operating functions include a band split filter that separates the high and low tones of the received pair, and a digital decoder that verifies both the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing the resulting 4-bit code to the output bus.
The low and high group tones are separated by applying the dual-tone signal to the inputs of two 6th order switched capacitor band pass filters with bandwidths that correspond to the bands enclosing the low and high group tones.
Figure (F).Block diagram of IC MT8870
The filter also incorporates notches at 350 and 440 Hz, providing excellent dial tone rejection. Each filter output is followed by a single-order switched capacitor section that smoothes the signals prior to limiting. Signal limiting is performed by high gain comparators provided with by stresses to prevent detection of unwanted low-level signals and noise. The MT-8870 decoder uses a digital counting technique to determine the frequencies of the limited tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF frequencies. When the detector recognizes the simultaneous presence of two valid tones (known as signal condition), it raises the Early Steering flag (ESt). Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to fall. Before a decoded tone pair is registered, the receiver checks for valid signal duration (referred to as character- recognition-condition). This check is performed by an external RC time constant driven by ESt. A short delay to allow the output latch to settle, the delayed steering output flag (StD) goes high, signaling that a received tone pair has been registered. The contents of the output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three state control input (OE) to logic high. Inhibit mode is enabled by a logic high input to pin 5 (INH). It inhibits the detection of 1633 Hz.
The output code will remain the same as the previous detected code. On the M- 8870 models, this pin is tied to ground (logic low).
The input arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs at mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment.
The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal.
The input arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs at mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment.
The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal.
74154 4-16 line decoder/demultiplexer:
IC 74154 is a 4-16 line decoder, it takes the 4 line BCD input and selects respective output one among the 16 output lines. It is active low output IC so when any output line is selected it is indicated by active low signal, rest of the output lines will remain active high. This 4-line-to-16-line decoder utilizes TTL circuitry to decode four binary-coded inputs into one of sixteen mutually exclusive outputs when both the strobe inputs, G1 and G2, are low. The demultiplexing function is performed by using the 4 input lines to address the output line, passing data from one of the strobe inputs with the other strobe input low. When either strobe input is high, all outputs are high. These demultiplexer are ideally suited for implementing high-performance memory decoders.
Figure G. IC 74154 4-16 line decoder
All inputs are buffered and input clamping diodes are provided to minimize transmission-line effects and thereby simplify system design.
TRUTH TABLE:
IC 4013 D-flip-flop:
IC 4013 is a conventional D-flip-flop IC. This IC consists of two D flip-flops. These flip-flops are used to latch the data that present at its input terminal. Each flip-flop has one data, one clock, one clear, one preset input terminals.
(Above figure shows a single D-flip-flop)
Relay driver circuit:
To carry out the switching of devices we commonly use the relays. Since the output of the D flip flop is normally +5V or it is the voltage of logic high state. So we cannot use this output to run the device or appliances. Therefore here we use relays, which can handle a high voltage of 230V or more, and a high current in the rate of 10Amps to energize the electromagnetic coil of the relays +5V is sufficient. Here we use the transistors to energize the relay coil. The output of the D flip-flop is applied to the base of the transistor T2 – T5 via a resister. When the base voltage of the transistor is above 0.7V the emitter-base (EB) junction of the transistor forward biased as a result transistor goes to saturation region it is nothing but the switching ON the transistor. This intern switches on the relay. By this the device is switches ON. When the output of D flip-flop goes low the base voltage drops below 0.7V as a result the device also switches OFF.
Power supply unit:
NEED OF POWER SUPPLY:-
Perhaps all of you are aware that a power supply is a primary requirement for the test bench of a home experimenter’s mini lab. A battery eliminator can eliminate or replace the batteries of solid-state electronic equipment and 220V A.C. mains instead of the batteries or dry cells thus can operate the equipment. Nowadays, the sued of commercial battery eliminator or power supply unit have become increasingly popular as power source for household appliances like transceiver, record player, clock etc.
Summary of power supply circuit features:-
Brief description of operation: gives out well regulated +8V output, output current capability of 500mA.
Circuit protection: Built –in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot.
Circuit complexity: simple and easy to build.
Circuit performance: Stable +8V output voltage, reliable Operation.
Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only common basic components.
Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of other electronics projects.
Applications: part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply.
Power supply voltage: unregulated 8-18V-power supply.
Power supply current: needed output current 500 mA.
Components cost: Few rupees for the electronic components plus the cost of input transformer.
Pin Diagram of 7808 Regulator IC
Pin 1: Unregulated voltage input
Pin 2: Ground
Pin3: Regulated voltage output
Component list
7808 regulator IC
2. 0-12 transformer
3. 1000uf and 100uf. Capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating.
DESCRITION OF POWER SUPPLY
This circuit is a small + 8 volts power supply. Which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive battery with variable output voltage are available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes them not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem.
This circuit can give +8V output at about 500mA current. The circuit has overload and terminal protection.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY
The above circuit utilizes the voltage regulator IC 7808 and 7805 for the constant power supply. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of Zero board.
For the proper working of this local control section except the mobile phone or local telephone set it needs a permanent back up which gives a 8V back up continuously. This is achieved by using a 8V regulated power supply from a voltage regulated IC 7808. This 5V source is connected to all ICs and relays. This IC gets a backup from a 9V battery.
Fig J. Circuit Diagram of Local Control Section.
USED COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTORS
(1) IC-1 ……… 7808
(2) IC-2…………. CM8870P
(3) IC-3…………. 74154
(4) IC-5-6………CD 4013
(5) IC-4……….. 4049
(6) IC7 ………… UM 91214B
(7) D1-D2 ………….IN 4007
(8) D3…………… 3V Zener
(9) LED ……………. Light Eammiting Diode
(10) T1-T6…………..(NPN) 368
(11) Crystal ………… 3.57 Mhz.
(12) Photodiode
(13) Phototransistor
RESISTOR
(1) R1……….330K OHm.
(2) R2……….. 100K OHm.
(3) R3,R4,R7 ………. 10K OHm.
(4) R5,R6, ………. 1K OHm.
(5) R8-R12…. 100 OHm.
CAPACITOR
(1) C1…………. 1000MFD.
(2) C2,C3…………. 0.1 MFD.
MISCELLANEOUS
(1) RELAY ………………. 6V \100 0Hm.
(2) TRANSFORMER…… 0-9 (Step down)
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list of projects for final year students electronics\communication\instrumemtation\ and control
THESE ARE THE PROJECTS LIST FOR ELECTRONICS\COMMUNICATION\INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING STUDENTS CONTACT US TO HAVE MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROJECTS AND THEIR COSTS
1. DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK
2. SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE)
3. LIGHT COTROLLED DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR
4. LOW-COST ENERGY METER USING ADE 7757
5. HOME AUTOMATION AND SECURITY CONTROL INTERFACE WITH TELEPHONE
6. LINE TRACKING ROBOT/MOUSE
7. REMOT CONTROLLED STEPPER MOTOR
8. ULTRASONIC SWITCH
9. DEVICE SWITCHING USING PASSWORD
10. SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
11. ULTRASONIC PROXIMITY DETECTOR
12. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
13. VEHICLE SEED MEASUREMENT CONTROL PC BASED
14. SMART CARD FOR ENTRY EMPLOY
15. SECURITY ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
16. RADAR SYSTEM
17. PRI-PAID ENERGY METER
18. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
19. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER
20. DATA SECUIRTY SYSTEM
21. DESIGN OF A BUS STATUS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
22. CALLING NUMBER IDENTIFICATION USING CALCULATOR
23. OPTICAL REMOT SWITCH
24. LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE SWITCHING
25. DISITAL WEIGHT ACCUMULATOR
26. REMOT CONTROLLED LAND ROVER
27. TELEPHONE ANSIRING MATCHING
28. AUTO CAR PARKING
29. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
30. WATCHMAN ROBOT
31. SUN SEEKER
32. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
33. TOUCH SCREEN
34. DTMF REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM
35. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
36. HOME SECURITY SYSTEM WITH SENDING MESSAGE ON OUR CELL PHONE
37. FASTED FINGER FIRST
38. MOBILE CONTROL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
39. RF CONTROL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
40. MIND READER
41. DIGITAL COMBINATION LOCK
42. SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND
43. DIGITAL SPEEDOMETER
44. RADIO CONTROLLED REMOTE CONTROL
45. MICRO PROCESSOR-BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
46. 31/2 DIGIT VOLTMETER WITH LED
47. 31/2 DIGIT VOLTMETER WITH LCD
48. 31/2 DIGIT THERMOMETER
49. DTMF 5-CHANNEL SWITCHING VIA POWER LINE
50. DEVICE SWITCHING USING PASSWORD
51. LASER-BASED COMMUNICATION LINK
52. VIOCE & DATA COMMUNICATION WITH FIBER LINK
53. BUDGET DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
54. WIRELESS HOME SECURITY
55. BEND STOP FILTER
56. A VERSATILE FUNCTION GENERATOR
57. DIGITAL DOOR BELL
58. TRANSFORMER LESS 12V DUAL POWER SUPPLY
59. INFRARED BURGLAR ALARM WITH TIMER
60. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE STABILIZER USING AUTOTRANSFORMER
61. DIGITAL CODE LOCK
62. TELEPHONE CALL METER
63. EMERGENCY LIGHT USING CFL
64. WIDE RANG SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
65. 1 HZ CLOCK GENERATOR
66. REMOTE MUSICAL BELL
67. ELE. TELEPHONE DEMONSTRATOR
68. TELEPHONE CALL COUNTER
69. LED VOLTMETER FOR CAR BATTERY
70. QUALITY FM TRANSMITTER
71. DIGITAL VOLUME CONTROL
72. 99.99 SEC. STOP-CLOCK
73. MULTIPURPOSE DIGITAL COUNTER
74. VERSATILE ON/OFF TIMER
75. SUPER SIMPLE TRIANGULAR TO SINE WAVE GENERATOR
76. DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR
77. TEMPERATURE DISPLAY
78. FREQUENCY GENERATOR
79. SOUND LEVEL INDICATOR FOR STEREO SYSTEM
80. SINGLE-GATE SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
81. QUICK 741 AND 555 TESTER
82. REGULATE DUAL POWER SUPPLY
83. SENSITIVE FM TRANSMITTER
84. LIGHT CONTROLLED DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR
85. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY EPROM BASE
86. PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL TIME SWITCH
87. PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL TIMER CUM CLOCK
88. REMOTE CONTROL AUDIO PROCESSOR
89. HEART BEAT MONITOR
90. AROPLANE DIRECTION INDICATOR
91. VOICE TRANSMITTER IN POWER LINE AND SWITCHING
92. A SINGLE-CHIP TIMER WITH DIGITAL CLOCK AND CALENDER
93. IMPEDANCE METER
94. REMOTE AUDIO LEVEL INDICATOR
95. MULTICHANNEL TOUCH SWITCH
96. SAW TOOTH WAVE GENERATOR
97. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN
98. 1 HZ MASTER OSCILLATOR
99. REMOTE TV TESTER
100. CORDLESS INTERCOM
101. REMOT CONTROLLERED LAND FOVER –A DIY ROBOTIC PROJECT
102. DIGITAL WEIGHT ACCUMULATOR
103. IR- TO- RF CONVERTER
104. FM RECEIVER USING CXA1619
105. HEAT SENSITIVE SWITCH
106. TRANSISTOR TESTER
107. AUTOMETIC SCHOOL BELL
108. DIGITAL STOP WATER
109. INFRARED INTERUPTION COUNTER
110. AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER: In this project we use object counter circuit with, auto light on when any body enter in the room and counter display any number, when all the person left the room and counter shows a 0 number on display then only light is off two rays of sensor is install in the door.
PC INTERFACE PROJECTS
1. PC TO PC COMMUNICATION USING IR/FIBER OPTIC CABLE
2. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING C++
3. COMPUTERISED ELECTRICAL APLAINCE CONTROL
4. DATA ACQUISITION CARD FOR P.C.
5. SIMPLE ANALOGUE INTERFACE FOR P.C.
6. P.C. BASED FUNCTION GENERATOR
7. PC BASED SUN SEEKER
8. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PC’S USING IR, LASER
9. SIMPLE RELAY AND SENSOR INTERFACE FOR P.C.
10. P.C. BASED DIGITAL CLOCK
11. INTERFACE YOUR PC WITH LIGHT AND FANS
12. P.C. BASED VISITOR COUNTER
13. P.C. BASED TOKEN NUMBER DISPLAYER
14. PC BASE TRANSISTOR LEAD IDENTIFIER
15. PC BASED STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER
16. PC BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER
17. P.C. BASED 7-SEGMENT ROLLING DISPLAY
18. PC. BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLED
19. PC BASED ROBOTIC ARM
20. P.C. BASED TIMER
21. P.C. BASED MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING
MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS
1. FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
2. MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
3. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
4. PC16F84- BASED CODED DEVICE SWITCHING SYSTEM
5. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
6. MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM
7. MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
8. AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
9. MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
10. LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
11. CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
12. PIC 18 F 84 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASE CODE DEVICE SWITCH SYSTEM
13. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
14. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
15. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER
16. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
17. RS232 ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
18. ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
19. CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
20. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER
21. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.
22. MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY
23. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
24. MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
25. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR
26. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION
27. MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM
28. MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
29. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
30. Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
31. TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
32. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
33. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
34. MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING BY MCU
35. MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
36. ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
37. INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
38. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
39. MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
40. MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
41. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
42. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
43. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
44. MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
45. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
46. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
47. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
ROBOTIC & ELECTRO-MECHANICAL CONTROL BASED PROJECTS
1. ROBOTIC ARM INTERFACING WITH PC/MCU/ IR/RF
2. HYDRAULIC LIFT
3. LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
4. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT
5. DIGITAL SPEED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILE
6. LIFT CONTROL USING PC AND MCU
7. ESCALATOR LIFT USING PC & MCU
8. PATH FINDER MOBILE ROBOT
9. MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING LIFT USING MCU
10. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
11. AUTO REJECTION + CONVEYER BELT SYSTEM
12. AUTO JACK MACHINE
13. AUTO BRACK SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBIL
14. PADDLE CONTROLLED WASHING MECHINE
15. HYDRO ELECTRICITY
16. WIND ELECTRICITY
17. ELECTRICITY FROM SPEED BRAKER
18. SOLAR SUN SEEKER
19. ROBOTIC CRANE WITH UP/DOWN & CIRCULAR MOTION
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- LATEST PIC BASED LIST OF PROJECTS BY IndianEngineer’s October 31, 2009The Cost Of the Projects May Vary at the Time of Booking Please Confirm The Then Rates for your Project Before you Book the Project. PIC 16F877A Major Project Kits Using Controller: 16F877A Project Number: 3054 Price: 4500 Project Name: Air Flow Monitor (with LCD) Project Detail: If you want assembled project, then order before 20 days and assembling c […]IndianEngineer
- Automatic solar tracking system October 31, 2009AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let [...]IndianEngineer
- MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS(89C51) ieee,EMBEDDED October 15, 2009WIRELESS MESSAGING VIA MOBILE/LANDLINE GSM BASE HOME SECUIRTY SYSTEM GSM BASED HOMEAUTOMATION & SECUIRTY AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX VOTING MACHINE SMS BASE DEVICE SWITCH SOLAR TARKER SYSTEM TEXT DATA COMMUNICATION THROUGH FIBER/LAGER DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE SMS THROUGH TELEPHONE SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS SMART CARD DA […]IndianEngineer
- ELECTRONICS PROJECTS October 15, 20091. DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK 2. SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE) 3. LIGHT COTROLLED DIGITAL FAN REGULATOR 4. LOW-COST ENERGY METER USING ADE 7757 5. HOME AUTOMATION AND SECURITY CONTROL INTERFACE WITH TELEPHONE 6. LINE TRACKING ROBOT/MOUSE 7. REMOT CONTROLLED STEPPER MOTOR 8. ULTRASONIC SWITCH 9. DEVICE SWITCHING USING PASSWORD 10. SPEED CHECKER FO […]IndianEngineer
- Latest IEEE Embeded project’s list 2010,EMBEDDED SYSTEMS,MICROCONTROLLERS,ATMEL | PIC |ARM October 5, 2009Latest IEEE Embeded project’s list 2010,EMBEDDED SYSTEMS,MICROCONTROLLERS,ATMEL | PIC |ARM EMBEDDED SYSTEMS MICROCONTROLLERS ATMEL | PIC |ARM IEEE PROJECTS Latest Projects, 2009 – 2010 1. A Novel Vehicle Safety Model: Vehicle Speed Controller under Driver Fatigue – 2009 2. A Portable Wireless Eye Movement-Controlled Human-Computer Interface for the Di […]IndianEngineer
- Simple Electronic Combination Lock using IC LS 7220 October 4, 2009Simple Electronic Combination Lock using IC LS 7220 Description This is the circuit diagram of a simple electronic combination lock using IC LS 7220.This circuit can be used to activate a relay for controlling (on & off) any device when a preset combination of 4 digits are pressed.The circuit can be operated from 5V to 12V. To set [...]IndianEngineer
- Fire alarm circuit October 4, 2009Fire alarm circuit Description. Here is a simple fire alarm circuit based on a LDR and lamp pair for sensing the fire.The alarm works by sensing the smoke produced during fire.The circuit produces an audible alarm when the fire breaks out with smoke. When there is no smoke the light from the bulb will be directly falling on [...]IndianEngineer
- Lead acid battery charger circuit October 4, 2009Lead acid battery charger circuit Description Here is a lead acid battery charger circuit using IC LM 317.The IC here provides the correct charging voltage for the battery.A battery must be charged with 1/10 its Ah value.This charging circuit is designed based on this fact.The charging curent for the battery is controlled by Q1 ,R1,R4 and R5. [...]IndianEngineer
- Infrared motion detector circuit October 4, 2009Infrared motion detector circuit Description. Here is the circuit diagram of an infrared motion detector that can be used to sense intrusions.Infra red rays reflected from a static object will be in one phase, and the rays reflected from a moving object will be in another phase.The circuit uses this principle to sense the motion. The IC1 (NE [...]IndianEngineer
- Long Range FM Transmitter 1 October 4, 2009Long Range FM Transmitter 1 How to make a long range FM transmitter at low cost Description The use of transmitters which have a more powerful output than the ‘flea-power’ are sometimes required when there are many obstacles in the path of the surveillance transmitter and monitoring station receiver, or the distance between them is too far so as to make [... […]IndianEngineer
- LATEST PIC BASED LIST OF PROJECTS BY IndianEngineer’s October 31, 2009
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