December 18, 2008
Posted by sumitkush in Uncategorized.1 comment so far
NEW.. VHDL Projects
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MATLAB Projects available.
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list of final year
project
Line Robot December 18, 2008
Posted by sumitkush in project ideas.4 comments
Line Robot
Recently
many kind of robot contests have being opened and some interesting reports of
the challenge are found on the web. The Line Following is a kind of the robot
contests to vie running speed on the line. I build a tiny line following robot
which can run on the desk, moving the key board aside will do. It is for only
a personal toy reduced its size less than one fifth compared to typical line
following robots, not in formura. But I believe that it is suitable for home
use in the small Japanese houses said that rabbit burrow…(^_^;. Of course
I have also no time to take part in the robot contests 
About Line Follower
The line follower is one of the self operating robot that follows a line
that drawn on the floor. The basic operations of the line following are as follows:
- Capture line position with optical sensors mounted at front end of the
robot. Most are using several number of photo-reflectors, and some leading
contestants are using an image sensor for image processing. The line sensing
procss requires high resolution and high robustness. - Steear robot to track the line with any steearing mechanism. This is
just a servo operation, any phase compensation will be required to stabilize
tracking motion by applying digital PID filter or any other servo argolithm. - Control speed according to the lane condition. Running speed is limited
during passing a curve due to friction of the tire and the floor.
There are two line styles, white line on the black floor and black line on
the white floor. Most contest are adopting the first one in line width of between
15 and 25 millimeters.
Hardware
Mechanics
Right image shows bottom view and side view of the built line following robot.
All mechanical and electrical parts are mounted on a proto board, and it also
constitutes the chasis.
The line following robot is upheld in three points of two driving wheels
and a free wheel. The driving wheels are made with a 7 mm dia ball bearing and
a rubber tire. The free wheel is a 5 mm dia ball bearing attached loosely. To
drive driving wheels, two tiny
vibration motors that used
for cellular phone, pager or any mobile equipment are used. Its shaft is pressed
onto the tire with a spring plate, the output torque is transferred to the wheels.
The steearing mechanism is realized in differential drive that steear
the robot by difference in rotation speed between the left wheel and the right
wheel. It does not require any additional actuator, only controling the wheel
speed will do.
Electronics
| Controller | ATmega8 (Atmel) |
| Line sensor | Six photo-reflectors |
| Power supply | Two CR2032 lithium cells (One is for controller, the other is for motors) |
| Motor | Two micromotors for left wheel and right wheel |
| Dimensions | 45(L), 33(W), 12.5(H) [mm] |
| Weight | 15 grams (Body:8g, Cells:7g) |
| Performance | 53 centimeter per second at oval course |
An Atmel ATmega8 is used for the controller and it is powered by a lithium
coin cell. The other lithium coin cell is for only motors. Separating the power
supply into two cells is to avoid accidental reset of the microcontroller due
to voltage dip by motor start current. Six photo-reflectors are mounted at front
end of the chasis. They sense reflection rate of the floor under them. Motors
are driven in PWM to control rotation speed lineary. The latest circuit diagram
is here.
Software
Using photo-reflectors
To detect a line to be followed, most contestants are using two or more number
of poto-reflectors. Its output current that proportional to reflection rate
of the floor is converted to voltage with a resister and tested it if the line
is detected or not. However the threshold voltage cannot be fixed to any level
because optical current by ambent light is added to the output current like
the image shown right.
Most photo-detecting modules for industrial use are using modurated light
to avoid interference by the ambient light. The detected signal is filtered
with a band pass filter and disused signals are filtered out. Therefore only
the modurated signal from the light emitter can be detected. Of course the detector
must not be saturated by ambient light, this is effective when the detector
is working in linear region.
In this project, pulsed light is used to cancel ambient light. This is suitable
for arraied sensors that scanned in sequence to avoid interference from next
sensor. The microcontroller starts to scan the sensor status, sample an output
voltage, turn on LED and sample again the output voltage. The difference between
the two samples is the optical current by LED, output voltage by the ambient
light is canceled. The other sensors are also scanned the same avobe in sequence.
Signal processing of line detection
Right image shows the actual line posisiton vs detected line position in
center value of 640. The microcontroller scans six sensors and calcurates the
line position by output ratio of two sensors near the line. Thus the line position
can be detected lineary with only six sensors. All the sensor outputs are captured
as analog value that proportioning to reflection ratio, and the sensitivity
have variety between each one of them. In this system, to remove the variations
from the outputs, calibration parameters for each sensor can be held into non-volatile
memory. This can be done with online mode. The microcontroler enters the online
mode when an ISP
cable is attached, and it can be controlled with a terminal program in serial
format of N81 38.4kbps. S1 command monitors sensor values, and S2 command calibrates
variation of sensor gain on the reference surface (white paper). The ATmega8
must be set to 8MHz internal osc.
Tracking control
The line position is compeared to the center value to be tracked, the position
error is processed with Proportional/Integral/Diffence filters to generate steering
command. The line folloing robot tracks the line in PID control that the most
popular argolithm for servo control.
The proportional term is the commom process in the servo system. It is only
a gain amplifire without time dependent process. The differencial term is applied
in order to improve the responce to disturbance, and it also compensate phase
lag at the controled object. The D term will be required in most case to stabilize
tracking motion. The I term is not used in this project from following resons.
The I term that boosts DC gain is applied in order to remove left offset error,
however, it often decrease servo stability due to its phase lag. The line following
operation can ignore such tracking offset so that the I term is not required.
When any line sensing error has occured for a time due to getting out of
line or end of line, the motors are stopped and the microcontroller enters sleep
state of zero power consumption.
Notes
- Development diary [Ja]
- Circuit diagram
- Firmware May 23, 2004
- Following motion
with only P control
This is a video file of line following motion with only P control. The servo
system oscllated. - Following motion
with P and D controls
Adding D control could improve the servo stability. The robot follows the
line correctly. Therefore the servo parameter must be optimized for mechanical
characterristics to improve the tracking stability.
EPROM adapter for ATMEL 89 Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer Ver 2.0 September 28, 2008
Posted by badmedia in project ideas.4 comments
EPROM adapter for ATMEL 89 Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer Ver 2.0
to buy projects mail us at freshersblog@gmail.com
Devices
The EEprom programmer software supports the following devices.
28C16 28C256 28C17 29C256 28C64
Hardware
Diode D1 and resistor R1 provide the VDD isolation when programming the 24 pin devices. The jumper J3 must be shorted for 24 pin devices, and open circuit for 28 pin device programming. Following EEPROMs are pin compatible with their EPROMs version,
28C16 —> 2716
28C64 —> 2764
29C256 —> 27256
The software for this adapter is located here: http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/E2RomPgm_web/PgmE2w.zip
Schematic
PCB
Parts Placement
Download above in pdf (198KB)
Kyriakos Kontakos (kkontak@hotmail.com)
Title: EPROM adapter for ATMEL 89 Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer Ver 2.0
Source: www.electronics-lab.com
Servo Motor Control with PIC16F84 September 28, 2008
Posted by badmedia in project ideas.5 comments
Servo Motor Control with PIC16F84
This simple micro-control circuit controls a servo motor according to a 3-state switch. A servo motor acts as an actuator in 3 position. It has 3 wires, one for VCC, one for Ground and another one for position control. The last signal is a single pulse with variable width. The pulse width can vary between 1 and 2 mSec. An 1 mSec pulse width turns the motor axis in -45 degrees position. An 1.5 mSec pulse width turns the motor axis in 0 degree position. A 2 mSec pulse width turns the motor axis in +45 degrees position. The following source code has been written in PICBasic:
Symbol porta = 5
b3 = 150
start:
Peek porta,b0
If bit0 = 0 Then sweepl
If bit1 = 0 Then sweepr
Pulsout 0,b3
Pause 18
Goto start
sweepl:
b3 = b3 + 1
Pulsout 0,b3
Pause 18
If b3 > 200 Then hold1
Goto start
sweepr:
b3 = b3 – 1
Pulsout 0,b3
Pause 18
If b3 < 100 Then hold2
Goto start
hold1:
b3 = 200
Goto start
hold2:
b3 = 100
Goto start
Title: Servo Motor Control with PIC16F84
Source: unknown
infrared beam barrier/ proximity sensor report\synopsis September 22, 2008
Posted by badmedia in project ideas.1 comment so far
infrared beam barrier/ proximity sensor
This circuit can be used as an Infrared beam barrier as well as a proximity detector.
The circuit uses the very popular Sharp IR module. The pin nos. shown in the circuit are for the Sharp module only. For other modules please refer to their respective datasheets.
The receiver consists of a 555 timer IC working as an oscillator at about 38Khz which has to be adjusted using the 10K preset. The duty cycle of the IR beam is about 10%. This allows us to pass more current through the LEDS thus achieving a longer range.
The receiver uses a sharp IR module. When the IR beam from the transmitter falls on the IR module, the output is activated which activates the relay and de-activated when the beam is obstructed. The relay contacts can be used to turn ON/OFF alarms, lights etc. The 10K preset should be adjusted until the receiver detects the IR beam.
The circuit can also be used as a proximity sensor, i.e to detect objects in front of the device without obstructing a IR beam. For this the LEDs should be pointed in the same direction as the IR module and at the same level. The suggested arrangement is shown in the circuit diagram. The LEDs should be properly covered with a reflective material like glass or aluminum foils on the sides to avoid the spreading of the IR beam and to get a sharp focus of the beam.
When there is nothing in front of them, the IR beam is not reflected onto the module and hence the circuit is not activated. When an object comes near the device, the IR light from the LEDs is reflected by the object onto the module and hence the circuit gets activated.
The 2.2K preset is used to adjust the sensitivity of the receiver. If the relay is trigger by noise, adjust the 2.2K preset to its maximum. If there still a lot of mis-triggering, use a 1uF or higher capacitor instead of the 0.47uF.
Title: Infrared beam barrier/ proximity sensor
function generator circuit ideas September 22, 2008
Posted by badmedia in project ideas.add a comment
Function Generator
Built around a single 8038 waveform generator IC, this circuit produces sine, square or triangle waves from 20Hz to 200kHz in four switched ranges. There are both high and low level outputs which may be adjusted with the level control. This project makes a useful addition to any hobbyists workbench as well.
Allof the waveform generation is produced by IC1. This versatile IC even has a sweep input, but is not used in this circuit. The IC contains an internal squarewave oscillator, the frequency of which is controlled by timing capacitors C1 – C4 and the 10k potentiometer. The tolerance of the capacitors should be 10% or better for stability. The squarewave is differentiated to produce a triangular wave, which in turn is shaped to produce a sine wave. All this is done internally, with a minimum of external components. The purity of the sine wave is adjusted by the two 100k preset resistors.
The wave shape switch is a single pole 3 way rotary switch, the wiper arm selects the wave shape and is connected to a 10k potentiometer which controls the amplitude of all waveforms. IC2 is an LF351 op-amp wired as a standard direct coupled non-inverting buffer, providing isolation between the waveform generator, and also increasing output current. The 2.2k and 47 ohm resistors form the output attenuator. At the high output, the maximum amplitude is about 8V pk-pk with the square wave. The maximum for the triangle and sine waves is around 6V and 4V respectively. The low amplitude controls is useful for testing amplifiers, as amplitudes of 20mV and 50mV are easily achievable.
Setting Up:
The two 100k preset resistors adjust the purity of the sine wave. If adjusted correctly, then the distortion amounts to less than 1%.
Title: Function Generator
Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter project for you September 22, 2008
Posted by badmedia in Uncategorized.1 comment so far
Abstract:
To design and build a wireless transmitter that works over the FM frequency and allows the transfer of a video/audio signal over a certain distance to an FM tuner.
Introduction:
In this fast-paced world, there is little time for inconveniences and a greater need for portability and adaptability. The idea for an Audio/Video transmitter stems from this need. There may have been times when you’ve wanted to hook up your VCR from one room to another television set in another room. But that would have entailed that you first unhook all kinds of wires and plugs from the primary TV set; carry the VCR to the next TV set; and then finally re-wire everything together. An Audio/Video transmitter will let you do just about the same thing. But it would offer other conveniences as well. For example, it would allow you to set up security cameras around your home which would send video signals directly to a TV or VCR. And, there are no cumbersome wires and cables to line throughout the intended area. Design & Development (What we did):
The most difficult part of this project was coming up with a design that would work. Because both of us had very little experience with RF signal systems we had to learn, basically, from scratch. The approach we took, was to first create a video transmitter, then add the audio portion later. This way we could test each component individually and then integrate them later when we knew both parts were working correctly. We first went to the Grainger Library to research various transmitters designs and how they were built. Although all the books were very old, we were able to gather some useful information from various sources. Most of the books had only information about sending audio transmission and had very little on video signal transmissions. Also, some books that had some kind of designs and data for video tranmission were very outdated. But we found some interesting standards that help explained what television stations used. This was not too far from what our original intentions were on building two different types of transmitters. Let us first look at the basic block diagram of what and how Audio/Video transmission works. From the book: Television Electronics by Kiver and Kaufman (8th ed.) Copyright 1983; there is a block diagram of the television transmitter (page 9, Kiver and Kaufman).
As you can see, television signals operates as two separate transmissions. One for the video and the other for sound. And just like our project, two different devices are going to be built. As noted before, most of the books we used from Grainger Library were older than us, so all parts used listed (tubes and such) were outdated and not readily available to us. So the search goes on to finding another solution.
Let us look at some of the industry standards that might help shed some light on this project. From the book: Radio Frequency Transmission Systems by Whitaker (1st ed.) Copyright 1991; we see some of the standards set by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (page 44, Whitaker).
| Band | Channels | Frequency |
| Low-band VHF | 2 through 6 | (54-72 Mhz and 76-88 Mhz) |
| High-band VHF | 7 through 13 | (174-216 Mhz) |
| UHF | 14 through 69 | (470-806 Mhz) |
| UHF | 70-83 | (806-890 Mhz) currently assigned to land mobile radio services |
Below is a table that show the specific frequency band assignment to the channels designations (page 45, Whitaker).
From the table above, we see that all channels assignments are 6 Mhz apart. And from Kiver and Kaufman (page 20-21) there is a listing of all of the corresponding television channels to their frequencies with much greater detail showing the picture carrier and the sound carrier assignments. Although based on cable standards, it is identical to the airwave standards set by the FCC. Within the 6 Mhz range the picture and sound carrier are within 2 Mhz from the ends and also about 2 Mhz apart from each other. This leaves about 4 Mhz in between each channels.
Implementation (How we did it):
After searching high and low we have come across a diagram of some audio transmission schematic which was claimed to also be capable of transmitting video signals. The device was later found out to be known as the repeater. In the following pages we have printed up the schematics that we used to build our devices. Two devices were built (as noted above as to why two different transmitters are needed). We had various difficulties with implementing the video transmitter design. We discovered that somehow a 9v battery did not deliver enough power to the circuit produce a strong clean signal. So a bench power supply was used to run the circuit.
We have also learned that not using an insulated crossdriver to tune our circuit to the correct frequency gave us a lot of problems. So, for an alternative solution, we used an old clock/radio/TV with an analog tuner to test our design. This allowed for fine tuning with a plastic knob when searching correct frequency.
The audio transmitter eventually worked. But the audio signal was wrought with interference and fluctuations depending on the distance between the transmitter, the receiver and the position of the transmitter’s antenna. Also, since the devices were built in a very crude manner, it was very prone to noise interference creating highly distorted signals.
Audio/Video transmitter schematic
There was another design for video transmission found from the book: The Giant Book of Electronics Projects by The Editors of 73 Magazine (1st ed. 16th printing) Copyright 1982 (page 464).
We didn’t build this design since we didn’t know some of the undefined values (or at least they were not properly determined and purposely left undefined). Conclusion (Results):
Overall we learned a great deal about RF signals relative to how much we knew before hand. We recommend taking an RF signal class such as ECE353 before undertaking any sort of RF project. This project can be greatly improved on for those interested in RF transmission design which most people take for granted when listening to their favorite band on the radio or watching football games on the TV.
sumit k kushwaha
TO BUY PROJECTS MAIL US AT freshersblog@gmail.c
serial infrared transmitter circuit by indian engineer September 22, 2008
Posted by sumitkush in Uncategorized.add a comment
Prepaid Energy Meter (AT89S52) – 8051 Microcontroller September 21, 2008
Posted by badmedia in Uncategorized.18 comments
A scheme of Electricity billing system called ?PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR? can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and can reduces problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces deployment of manpower for taking meter readings.
Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an EEPROM IC) with a password stored inside it using a MC program. The memory card is available at various ranges (ie. Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200 etc?).In our project we have given the name for memory card as smart card.
When the consumer insert a smart card into the card reader which is connected in ?prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator?kit.Then the card reader will read the stored information and delete the information from the EEPROM IC(smart card) using the MC program. So that the smart card cannot be reused by others. Suppose if a consumer buy a card for Rs.50/- he / she can insert this amount through the card reader so that prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator kit will be activated. According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced. When the amount is over, the relay will automatically shutdown the whole system. In our project we also have a provision to give an alarm sound to consumer before the whole amount is reduced.
The cards are nothing but the EEPROM chip AT24C04.
microprocessor projects Water level Controller September 17, 2008
Posted by badmedia in Uncategorized.9 comments
The water level Controller is a reliable circuit, it takes over the task of indicating and Controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. The level of the water is displayed in the LED Bar graph. The Copper probes are used to sense the water level. The probes are inserted into the water tank which is to be monitored. This water-level Controller-***-alarm circuit is configured around the well-known 8 bit Microprocessor 8085. It continuously monitors the overhead water level and display it and it also switch Off the Motor when the tank fills and it will automatically switch On the Motor when the water level is low. The Microprocessor will also indicate the water level over the LED display. All the input and output functions are done through the Programmable Peripheral Interface IC 8255.
final year projects
